League strength


Competitive balance is used to calculate the uncertainty of outcome. We use this per league, as some leagues are dominated by a few clubs.

Home advantage coefficient


Home advantage reflects how difficult it is for away teams to compete in a given league. As you can see, teams in Spain benefit more from playing at home and the competitive environment is shaped more heavily by venue effects.
country Played
Spain380186 (48,94%)93 (24,47%)101 (26,57%)
France305141 (46,22%)74 (24,26%)90 (29,50%)
Holland306136 (44,44%)80 (26,14%)90 (29,41%)
Germany306134 (43,79%)75 (24,50%)97 (31,69%)
England380162 (42,63%)104 (27,36%)114 (30,00%)
Portugal306126 (41,17%)83 (27,12%)97 (31,69%)
Italy380148 (38,94%)99 (26,05%)133 (35,00%)

Average goals per match


Average goals per match is a direct measure of how tight or open a league is, making it a simple but powerful competitive balance indicator (When goals are scarce, matches are tighter and small differences matter more). In Germany most goals are scored on average.
country Played Total scored Avg scored
Germany3069903,23544 (54,94%)446 (45,05%)
Holland3069723,17551 (56,68%)421 (43,31%)
France3058632,82484 (56,08%)379 (43,91%)
England38010452,75580 (55,50%)465 (44,49%)
Spain38010242,69598 (58,39%)426 (41,60%)
Portugal3068212,68458 (55,78%)363 (44,21%)
Italy3809222,42485 (52,60%)437 (47,39%)

Home audience advantage

country Played Total audience Average per game
Germany30612.946.32842.308
England38015.109.64639.762
Spain38011.421.70930.057
Italy38011.064.04129.115
France3058.298.22227.207
Holland3066.010.37419.641
Portugal3063.658.07711.954